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Tuesday, August 19, 2008

What is Biofuel?

By Chuck R Mitchell

What is Biofuel? (also called agrofue) It can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. The definition used here is narrower: biofuel is defined as liquid or gas transportation fuel derived from biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power: this is commonly called biomass fuel: see biomass heating systems. Biofuel is considered a means of reducing[2] greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy security by providing an alternative to fossil fuels.

That is why biofuels are used globally: biofuel industries are expanding in Europe, Asia and the Americas. The most common use for biofuels is in automotive transport (for example E10 fuel). Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture.

Humans have used biomass fuels for heating and cooking since the discovery of fire. Following the discovery of electricity, it became possible to use biofuels to generate electrical power as well. However, the discovery and use of fossil fuels: coal, gas and oil, have dramatically reduced the amount of biomass fuel used in the developed world for transport, heat and power.

Liquid biofuels have been used since the early days of the car industry. Nikolaus August Otto, the German inventor of the internal combustion engine, conceived his invention to run on ethanol. Rudolf Diesel, the German inventor of the Diesel engine, designed it to run on peanut oil. Henry Ford originally designed the Ford Model T, a car produced from 1903 to 1926, to run completely on ethanol. However, when crude oil became cheaply available (thanks to oil reserves discovered in Pennsylvania and Texas), cars began using fuels derived from mineral oil: petroleum or diesel.

Chuck is a college student and is studying biology. He is studying addition methods of new alternatives in energy and you will read some of his articles and research in these areas. To find out more about biofuels go to http://new-biofuel.info

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Chuck_R_Mitchell



Monday, August 11, 2008

Volkswagen New Beetle Review


he Volkswagen New Beetle was the cute car that started the retro-futurist design craze, which is still going strong. It was a modernized version of the legendary VW Beetle and struck a chord with consumers who had grown tired of standard conservative car designs and had fond memories of the "Bugs" from their youth.

Now on sale in the North American market for more than a decade, the Volkswagen New Beetle hasn't really changed. It's still a good car, but it's not as functional as other offerings in its class. Buyers also have little reason to pick up a new New Beetle over a certified pre-owned model.

Current Volkswagen New Beetle

The Volkswagen New Beetle is available as a two-door hatchback or a two-door convertible. Although the front-wheel-drive compact is based on the previous-generation Golf platform, it has less interior space than the Rabbit (and most compacts in its class). The front seats are roomy, but the same can hardly be said of the back. Trunk space is tight and even more limiting on the convertible. The convertible comes with a manual-folding top (and a glass rear window) as standard. A power top is available as an option.

Overall, options are few. The New Beetle is loaded with standard equipment, including air-conditioning, a tilt/telescoping steering wheel, cruise control, full power accessories, faux leather seating and a CD/MP3 stereo with satellite radio and auxiliary audio jack. A 2.5-liter five-cylinder engine provides 150 horsepower and 170 pound-feet of torque. Traction control and stability control are standard on all models, as is a five-speed manual transmission. A six-speed automatic is optional.

In road and comparison tests, we found the Volkswagen New Beetle to be a fun car to drive. It isn't a spirited experience, but excels at what it was built for -- cruising and being seen cruising in. The engine revs smoothly and pulls well, though no one will mistake it for lively. The suspension is on the soft side of sporty. Those interested in the convertible should be aware that rearview visibility is poor with the top up (small rear window) and down (stacked soft top).

Past Volkswagen New Beetle Models

Technically, the Volkswagen New Beetle is still in its first generation, but that's not to say there haven't been changes since its launch for 1998. Earlier models (up to 2005) used GL, GLS and GLX designations to reflect the various trim levels. From 1998-2005, the base engine was a 115-hp 2.0-liter four-cylinder. A 100-hp 1.9-liter Turbo Direct Injection turbodiesel was also offered (the TDI trim) until the end of 2006, when it failed to meet new emissions regulations.

Until recently, turbocharged gasoline engines have been a big part of the New Beetle's trim lineup. Sold from 1999-2006, the New Beetle 1.8T was powered by a 1.8-liter turbo four-cylinder, which put out 150 hp. For 2002, VW added the Turbo S trim to the coupe lineup. It was equipped with a retuned 180-hp version of the 1.8T turbo engine and a six-speed manual transmission. The Turbo S was discontinued after 2004, while the current 2.5-liter engine showed up for 2006.

Throughout the years, Volkswagen has released several special-edition models, including limited-edition colors and trim packages. For 2002, VW added a Sport edition, which essentially was a 1.8T with a five-speed manual, 17-inch wheels and a leather interior. The convertible was launched for the 2003 model year.

source : http://www.edmunds.com/volkswagen/newbeetle/review.html


Saturday, August 9, 2008

BMW Z4





The BMW Z4 is a rear-wheel drive sports car by the German automaker BMW, known as the E85 in roadster form and E86 in coupe form. Production started in 2002, and thus replaced the BMW Z3. The design addresses many criticisms of the Z3; the Z4 is larger, and has a significantly stiffer chassis. It is built in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Initially, the Z4 was available only as a roadster, but in 2006 a coupé version was officially launched.

The Z4 was designed by Chris Bangle and began the controversy over his "flame surfacing" design and aggressive styling choices, which can also be seen on most modern BMW cars, most noticeably the 7 Series and 5 Series. As of 2007, the entire BMW car line, including the BMW 3 Series and X5 SAV, had incorporated Chris Bangle's design theme.

The Z4 features a strut type front suspension like its predecessor, the Z3. The rear suspension, however is considerably different from that of the Z3, which was based on that of the E30 BMW 3 Series. Instead of a semi-trailing arm suspension, the Z4 uses a more advanced multi-link suspension.

Features
The Z4 offered a choice of four straight-six engines: 2.2 L, 2.5 L, 3.0 L, and 3.2 L. All are variants of the BMW M54 engine. In the European market, a 2.0 L straight-4 is also offered. The 2.2 L, 120 kW (170 bhp) version can reach 100 km/h in 7.7 s, but is not sold in the United States.

The 2.5 L engine produces 141 kW (192 bhp) at 6000 rpm. BMW claims a 6.8 s time to 100 km/h (62 mph) with a manual transmission. It weighs 1,335 kg (2,932 lb) with a manual transmission—30 kg (66 lb) lighter than the 3.0 L version, but still heavier than the 2.5 L Z3's weight of 1315 kg (2899 lb).

The 3.0 L, 170 kW (215 bhp) (at 5900 rpm) straight six has a claimed time to 100 km/h (62 mph) of 5.9 s.

The 3.2 L motor produces 246 kW (330 bhp) at 7900 rpm and (262 ft·lbf) of torque at (4900 rpm)[1]

The most powerful car of the Z4 line-up is the Z4 M. It features a naturally aspirated, in-line six cylinder engine, used in the third generation of the BMW M3. It produces 340 bhp at 7900 rpm, and 365 nm (270 lb-ft) of torque. 0-100 km/h takes 5 seconds, and the top speed is limited to 250 km/h.
2003 BMW Z4 roadster
2003 BMW Z4 roadster

Five-speed manual gearboxes are standard on all models except the 3.0 L and the M Roadster, which has a 6-speed Getrag. 5-speed or 6-speed automatic are available on all non M cars. The M Roadster shares its 6-speed Getrag 217 manual gearbox with the M3. [2]

A Sport package is also available, which adds stiffer and lower suspension, larger wheels with run-flat tires, and Dynamic Driving control, BMW's Vehicle Stability Control system.
2006-2007 Z4 3.0si
2006-2007 Z4 3.0si

In 2006, BMW updated the Z4 line by installing its new N52 I-6 engines. In the 3.0si, this engine makes 190 kW (255 bhp) and 220 lb·ft (298 N·m) of torque. The N52 features a magnesium block construction, which consists of an aluminum interior for the cylinders, and an outer magnesium block. This produces an engine block that weighs only 50+ pounds. The engine features BMW's Valvetronic variable valve timing system for increased performance, are considerably more powerful through the middle of the rev range, and also improve fuel economy noticeably. A final benefit of the N52 engines is that they improve handling and turn-in due to the decreased weight over the nose of the car. This is particularly noticeable when compared to the Z4 M, which continues with the heavier S54 iron block engine.

In addition to the powertrain updates, BMW made mild revisions to the styling of the Z4, added several electronic features, and increased the brake size on the 3.0si models.

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Z4#2008

Wednesday, August 6, 2008

Please Save Google AdSense!

Please Save Google AdSense!


Entah kapan tepatnya, tapi beberapa bulan lalu saya mendapat telepon dari seseorang yang mengaku tinggal di Yogyakarta. Ia, yang ternyata seorang publisher AdSense, dengan sedikit panik, menanyakan bagaimana cara mencairkan cek dari Google AdSense yang baru saja ia terima dan apakah menggunakan jasa-jasa pencairan instan tersebut aman atau tidak. Setelah sedikit bercakap, ternyata kepanikannya tersebut dikarenakan minggu depan adiknya harus membayar kuliah dan satu-satunya harapan solusi ada pada selembar cek dari Citibank New York. Syukurlah, beberapa hari kemudian rekan tersebut memberi kabar bahwa cek telah cair dengan selamat dan pendidikan adiknya pun ikut terselamatkan.


Ada satu kisah lagi.


Minggu lalu, rekan lain jauh-jauh berkunjung dari Malang. Ia baru saja keluar dari pekerjaannya dan mulai menekuni bisnis internet, termasuk AdSense. Yang menarik adalah, pekerjaan lamanya menuntutnya untuk sedikit banyak masuk ke dalam dunia “gelap”. Pertentangan batin antara moral dan kebutuhan hidup akhirnya terpecahkan setelah ia mengenal bisnis internet. Ya, seperti disebutkan di atas, rekan Ngalam ini kemudian berhenti dari pekerjaan lamanya dan memilih untuk berbisnis internet. “Cari duit dari bisnis yang jauh dari maksiat“, begitu kira-kira alasannya.


Dua cerita tersebut jelas bukan cerita langka. Banyak guliran kisah lain yang berhubungan dengan AdSense dan bisnis internet.


Dari yang sekedar menambah uang saku, membiayai pernikahan, membayar hutang orang tua, hingga membiayai pengobatan dirinya (bukan orang Indonesia sih, tapi merupakan contoh yang paling tepat untut kasus tersebut) atau saudaranya.


Sungguh naif sekali jika ada yang mengatakan bahwa mencari uang dari AdSense adalah pekerjaan orang-orang berduit dan hanya bertujuan untuk memperkaya diri (sengaja tidak saya link karena malas kasih backlink ke orang yang berpendapat seperti itu).


Tapi yang lebih bangsat keterlaluan lagi adalah orang-orang yang dengan sengaja mematikan bisnis internet di Indonesia.


Apabila Anda menganggap metode double reissue sudah cukup jahat, saya yakin Anda akan kaget jika mendengar ada yang dengan sengaja memalsukan cek AdSense (beserta KTPnya) dan mencoba mencairkannya ke salah satu jasa pencairan cek instan!


Mungkin bangsa kita memang jagonya dalah urusan bunuh-membunuh dan khianat-mengkhinati antar sesama. Lha wong gak boleh pinjam handuk saja sahabat karib bisa dibacok, apalagi yang menyangkut masalah duit…


Di luar kesengajaan itu, jumlah pemain AdSense di Indonesia yang di-banned pun semakin banyak. Saya yakin yang menimpa rekan Isnaini beberapa waktu lalu tidak dapat dilupakan dengan mudah oleh semua publisher AdSense.


Terus terang saya setuju dengan pendapat mas Jabier yang menyatakan bahwa banyak publisher AdSense baru yang “salah jalan” dan menganggap bahwa AdSense adalah bisnis main-main. Bisnis instan yang katanya hanya beberapa jam situs web online kita sudah bisa dapat $$$.


Pemicunya? Sekali lagi saya sependapat dengan tudingan kepada penyelenggara seminar dan kursus AdSense serta bisnis internet yang mulai menjamur. Tidak semuanya tentunya, tapi mereka-mereka yang hanya mementingkan gendutnya dompet mereka sendiri dengan menjanjikan instanitas perolehan dolar dari AdSense. Ujung-ujungnya, yang awam pun mengira bahwa click exchange dan click fraud adalah hal yang sudah sewajarnya dilakukan.


Apalagi seminar diimbuhi dengan jargon-jargon hebat ; “Menjaring ribuan dollar dari Adsense !”, “Cara Kaya liwat Google”, “Cara Mudah Berburu Dollar “, “Cara Klik Google Paling Aman”, dll, dll.



Saya sendiri pernah “menyamar” dan mengikuti salah satu kursus AdSense yang diselenggarakan online. Materi-materi awalnya memang standard dan tampak valid. Namun buntutnya, pelajaran tentang cara melakukan pertukaran klik yang baik dan benar.


Mungkin hampir tidak ada yang tahu bahwa saya menyelenggarakan kursus AdSense berbayar, yang jujur saja, peminatnya sangat sedikit. Kenapa? Dari awal saya selalu mengatakan tidak dapat memberikan klaim masalah penghasilan karena bisnis internet itu sendiri tidak semudah membalikkan telapak tangan (untuk saya sekali pun). Selain itu, hampir semua yang berminat untuk mengikuti kursus selalu saya minta untuk terlebih dahulu belajar secara otodidak di blog ini dengan harapan tidak melewatkan artikel ini. Dan sepertinya sukses, yang membaca artikel tersebut semakin banyak dan peserta kursus semakin sedikit, hehehe.

Untuk seminar? Wah, pendapat saya masih sama dengan sebelumnya. Kebanyakan seminar tetap saja menjual janji dan menunjukkan sisi surganya tanpa mengenalkan sudut lain dari yang disebut sebagai “prospek keberhasilan“. Bukan omong kosong karena saya pun terkadang hadir di seminar-seminar tersebut (apalagi kalau gratis, hehehe).


Kembali ke masalah banned dan click fraud, untuk kesekian kalinya saya mendengar rumor masalah rencana Google untuk melakukan massive sweeping bagi publisher AdSense Indonesia. Informasinya belum jelas, walaupun begitu tetap saja membuat makan tak lahap dan tidur tak nyenyak, hehehe. Namun apabila kejadian itu benar-benar terjadi, saya mungkin akan bersikap egois dan berharap bahwa setidaknya account saya aman dari sweeping.


Oke. Saya bohong. Saya juga berharap teman-teman publisher AdSense semua lolos dari razia tersebut. Khususnya semua yang selama ini sudah bersikap fair play terhadap aturan-aturan Google AdSense.


Oleh karena itu mungkin sudah saatnya bagi kita untuk bersikap pro-aktif dalam melindungi dan menjaga kelangsungan bisnis Google AdSense di Indonesia. Hindari melakukan kecurangan dan ingatkan jika ada orang lain yang melakukannya. Jika tidak mempan, laporkan saja kepada pihak Google AdSense. Takut karena ada kemungkinan account Anda diisengi? Tidak perlu karena toh jika sweeping benar-benar terjadi, belum tentu account Anda (dan saya) akan lolos. Jika masih takut, baca artikel ini untuk P3K click fraud.


Mari kita selamatkan Google AdSense dari kehancurannya di Indonesia.


Please Save Google AdSense!



Artikel ini ditulis oleh Cosa Aranda dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada tanggal 28 August 2007. Artikel ini disponsori oleh LowonganPekerjaan.Net, situs penyedia informasi lowongan kerja terbaru. Artikel bebas untuk didistribusikan ulang untuk keperluan non-komersil selama mencantumkan nama penulis dan sumber artikel serta tidak merubah isi.

Saturday, August 2, 2008

Chevrolet Corvette C6

C6 (2005-2010)
Chevrolet Corvette C6 Convertible
Chevrolet Corvette C6 Convertible

The new C6 gets an overhaul of the suspension geometry, all new bodywork with exposed headlamps (for the first time since 1962), a larger passenger compartment, and a larger 6.0 L engine. Overall, shorter and narrower than the C5, in response to criticism that the C5 Corvette looked too wide. The 6.0 L LS2 V8 produces 400 hp (298 kW) at 6000 rpm and 400 ft·lb (542 N·m) of torque at 4400 rpm. Its redline is increased to 6500 rpm.

2006 Chevrolet Corvette C6 Coupe
2006 Chevrolet Corvette C6 Coupe

The C6 retains the relatively good fuel economy of the C5, due in part to its relatively low drag coefficient and low weight, achieving 18/27 mpg (city/highway) when equipped with an automatic transmission. The manual version is slightly better at 18/28, and is fitted with Computer Aided Gear Selection (CAGS), has been included in all manual transmission Corvettes since 1989 to improve fuel economy by requiring drivers to shift from 1st gear directly to 4th when at lower RPM's.

2005 C6 LS2 Convertible
2005 C6 LS2 Convertible

For 2008, the Corvette received a mild freshening: a new LS3 engine with displacement increased to 6.2 liters, resulting in 430 hp (321 kW) and 424 lb·ft (575 N·m) of torque (436HP and 428 TQ if ordered with the optional performance exhaust). The 6-speed manual transmission also has improved shift linkage and a 0-60 time of 4.0 seconds, while the automatic is set up for quicker shifts giving the C6 Automatic a 0-60 time of 4.3 seconds, faster than any other production automatic Corvette. The interior was slightly updated and a new 4LT leather-wrap interior package was added. The wheels were also updated to a new five-spoke design.[6]

[edit] Z06 (2006-2010)

2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06
2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06

The new Z06 arrived as a 2006 model in the third quarter of 2005. It has a 7.0 L (7,008 cc/427.6 in³) version of the small block engine codenamed LS7. Officially certified output is 505 hp (377 kW). Its performance is significantly better than the Ford Mustang and comparable to the Dodge Viper SRT-10. Official performance figures indicate that the Z06 can reach 60 mph (97 km/h) in just 3.4 seconds from a standing start in first gear, hitting 0–100 in about 7.3–8.2, with a quarter mile time of 11.4 and a top speed of 198 mph (electronically limited). In the summer of 2005, GM and Corvette Racing driver Jan Magnussen brought the new Z06 to the Nürburgring in Germany. Magnussen drove the Z06 to a time of 7:42. In their March 2007 comparison, Car and Driver selected the Corvette Z06 as the winner of their three-way comparison test of performance cars, with the Porsche 911 GT3 finishing second and the Lotus Exige S third.[7]

In addition to the larger engine, the C6 Z06 has a dry sump oiling system, ensuring proper engine lubrication during periods of high (lateral) acceleration and allowing the engine to be mounted low inside the chassis. Connecting rods made out of titanium further lighten the reciprocating mass of the engine while being stronger than the steel rods they replace.

In a radical departure from anything Chevrolet has ever done before, the primary structural element of the C6 Z06 is aluminum instead of steel as on the non-Z06 cars. The hydroformed aluminum frame remains dimensionally identical to its steel brethren but is significantly lighter. The front fenders are made of carbon fiber to reduce weight, while wider rear fenders allow for the wider tires necessary to deal with the engine's increased power. For an additional mass savings of 6 kg, the Z06 replaced the base model's aluminum engine cradle with one made from high pressure die cast magnesium. The Z06 officially weighs 3130 lb (1421 kg), giving it a power to weight ratio of 6.2 lb/hp (3.8 kg/kW or 361 bhp (269 kW) per tonne). The C6 Corvette Z06 is the first 500+ hp production car to avoid the U.S. government Gas Guzzler tax.

The Z06 was the official pace car for both the 2006 Daytona 500 and the Indianapolis 500 race. The special Pace Car edition Z06 was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January. It was also awarded to St. Louis Cardinals shortstop David Eckstein as his prize for being the 2006 World Series MVP, although Eckstein does not know how to drive a stick. The 2007 Z06 was also one of Automobile Magazine's "Automobile All-Stars" for 2007.[8]

The 2007 Z06 had minor changes including retuning of the suspension after some magazine test drivers announced the suspension did not perform up to their original estimates. Chevrolet announced the models were pre-released, and for 2007 they would retune the damping. In more recent tests the Corvette has shown improved driveability and track manners.

In 2008 the Z06 received the new TR6060 six speed manual transmission, which replaces the T-56. The steering rack was improved, and the interior plastic bezel was improved. An optional full leather interior (option 3LZ) also became available in limited quantities due to constraints.




Chevrolet Corvette

The Chevrolet Corvette is a sports car that has been manufactured by Chevrolet since 1953. Today it is built at a General Motors assembly plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, but in the past it was built in Flint, Michigan and St. Louis, Missouri. The National Corvette Museum and annual National Corvette Homecoming are also located in Bowling Green, Kentucky.

Chevrolet Corvette
C6 Corvette
Manufacturer General Motors
Production 1953–present
Class Sports car
Body style(s) 2-door coupé
2-door convertible
Platform FR Y-body (1984–present)
Related Cadillac XLR

1958 Chevrolet Corvette roadster.
1958 Chevrolet Corvette roadster.

1963 Chevrolet Corvette split-window coupe
1963 Chevrolet Corvette split-

1965 Corvette 327/375 hp Fuel Injected Roadster
1965 Corvette 327/375 hp Fuel Injected Roadster

1968-1976 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe
1968-1976 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe
1982 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe
1982 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe

A C4 Corvette competing at an autocross event
A C4 Corvette competing at an autocross event

Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1
Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1

1996 Corvette Grand Sport
1996 Corvette Grand Sport

2003 Chevrolet Corvette Coupé
2003 Chevrolet Corvette Coupé
1998 Corvette Indianapolis 500 Pace Car Replica
1998 Corvette Indianapolis 500 Pace Car Replica
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette